Senior Researcher of the Department of problems of social and humanitarian development of the regions of the Dolishniy Institute of Regional Research of NAS of Ukraine
The article is dedicated to the problem-oriented analysis of the challenges and risks of social development in the Carpathian region of Ukraine under the conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war. The volumes and dynamics of changes in the structural and qualitative characteristics of forced migration of the population of Ukraine in the Carpathian region across the districts for the period 2022-2023 are assessed. The mountain districts of the Carpathian region of Ukraine (Rakhiv, Uzhhorod, Drohobych, Khust, Nadvirna, Stryi, and Kosiv) were the main centers of attraction of forced migrants in 2022, where the number of forced migrants was more than 1,100 per 10,000 of the local population. In 2023, the territorial distribution of forced migrants changed significantly. There was a concentration of forced migrants in the regional centers of the Carpathian region of Ukraine, whose labor market is more attractive. Problematic aspects of the socialization of forced migrants in the host environment are identified, including limited awareness of rights and opportunities, lack of own housing, financial inability to rent temporary housing, unsatisfactory material condition and social protection of the needs of displaced persons, and illegal employment of forced migrants. The article summarizes that socio-economic disparities, social uncertainty, and war in general have led to a critical weakening of demographic and socio-economic stability and security, a decrease in business activity, a decrease in real incomes, and, as a result, an increase in the poverty level of the population of the regions of the Carpathian region. Thus, in Ukraine, there is a need to build a modern model of social sphere development based on digitalization, equal access to social services and benefits, a high level of social protection, and unhindered participation of all members of society in community life.
social development, Carpathian region, Ukraine, Russian-Ukrainian war, forced migration, social protection, IDPs, labor market
The article substantiates the urgency of the problem of business migration (relocation) from the territories where hostilities are conducted and adjacent territories to the western regions of Ukraine, where doing business in the current war is safer. The study aims to identify current trends in migration (relocation) of business in the Carpathian region of Ukraine during the war, identify problematic aspects and threats associated with these processes, as well as substantiate the tools of state policy to support business and regional economies. Problematic aspects, geography, and structure of business migration to the Carpathian region of Ukraine are revealed. Risks and threats of internal and external migration of business to the region and from the region to the EU during the Russian-Ukrainian war are assessed. The measures taken to support the migration of enterprises to the Carpathian region of Ukraine and eliminate threats are offered in the projection of three regimes: hibernation (implementation of a mobilization-partnership model of doing business, maximum financial and organizational assistance to export-oriented businesses, digitalization of business processes, etc.), relocation (simplification of the procedure for obtaining budget support for relocated businesses, expansion of forms of governmental (regional, local) order for goods and services of relocated enterprises, creation of industrial clusters in the region, etc.), and evacuation (allocation of modern advanced business technologies, innovations, intellectual property and their effective use in Ukraine, development of specialized grant programs, etc.). The applied significance of the research results consists in the identification of the regional policy priorities for the development of relocated businesses and the elimination of relevant threats, namely those related to the support of industries and individual enterprises in high-tech business; industries where products directly contribute to the development of the domestic market and import substitution; integration of all regions and ensuring the integrity of the country; solving problems of depressed areas; support for cross-border cooperation.
Russian-Ukrainian war, economic threats, business relocation, measures of support, Carpathian region
The article defines the content of welfare as a measure of socially oriented efficiency of economic growth, which reflects the appropriate level of providing the population with material and spiritual goods with the formation of favourable conditions for human development and capitalization of human potential in a competitive mobile space. The modern theory of welfare testifies to the deepening of scientific discussions on the transformation of economic welfare into mobile and inclusive, as well as the opposition of competitive and social protection welfare policy. Another milestone in the evolution of welfare theory is the individualization of its provision. Conditions of competition and mobility increase the importance of households in providing their well-being with further reflection on the processes of economic growth of the community, region, and state. This gives grounds to actualize the issues of household welfare research and strengthening economic growth based on behavioural economics. The needs, interests, motives, and incentives determine the economic behaviour of households. At higher levels, it defines an economic culture that is closely linked to the national mentality. In this regard, the main models of economic and social behaviour of households – socialization, adaptation, integration, values, regulation, and the definition of financial development strategies are outlined. Theoretical approaches to the explanation of economic behaviour are generalized, namely religious-ethical, psychological, substantive theories, theories of motivations and acquired needs, process theories, theories of justice, and others. Based on the ideas of foreign scientists, the main determinants of the economic policy of households are proposed. Political, stabilizing, and economic determinants are distinguished in the group of general determinants. In the group of determinants directly related to households, the financial, demographic, cultural, social, empirical, and psychological are suggested. The author’s emphasis is placed on the importance of the impact of financial determinants of the households’ economic behaviour, the central place among which is occupied by savings.
The article deals with the labour market model in conditions of high migration activity of the population in Ukraine on the basis of the method of system dynamics. The author suggests a hypothesis that labour migration is determined by the level of wages in the donor country, the level of employment and unemployment, the number of current jobs and vacancies. The assumption is grounded on the basis of the obtained results of the multifactor economic-mathematical model. The article proves that statistics on the labour market in Ukraine are not complete and reliable, and experts' opinions about the necessary conditions for balancing aggregate demand and supply vary. Given the low competitiveness of the domestic economy, the low level of wages, unemployment, shadow employment and the general impoverishment of Ukrainians, an open European labour market creates new incentives and conditions for job search abroad - conditions for outflow of workers from Ukraine. In addition, the crisis socio-economic situation, the increase in the number of refugees from Ukraine as a result of the annexation of the Crimea and military actions in the East of Ukraine create a high probability of an explosion of migration in our country. The author's analysis of the functioning of the national labour market in recent years gives grounds for asserting its ineffectiveness, namely: reduction of the level of economic activity and the level of employment of the population, increase of unemployment, imbalance between demand for labour and its offer, decrease of the load of registered unemployed on one free workplace, due to high rates of labour migration, lower real wages. The article argues that the urgent problems concerning the migration of the population of Ukraine are to increase the economic activity of the population; preventing the growth of unemployment, limiting the scope of labour under the pressure of the financial and economic crisis; ensuring the correspondence between the supply and demand of the workforce. The solution of this problem requires the formation of a well-balanced state policy taking into account the regional specificity of the trends of labour migration, including increasing the competitiveness of the labour force, ensuring a high level of employment, social protection, wages and incomes, and their approach to similar parameters of economically developed countries of the world. Thus, the solution of issues related to the migration of the population is a prerequisite for the implementation of an effective public employment policy.
economically active population, labour market, level of balancing, labour market imbalance, vacant demand, current supply, migration activity
The role and place of migration services market entities in the system of institutional environment of the migration regulation are defined. Activities of the main participants of this market (the State Migration Service, Centers of Administrative Services (CASs), the State Enterprise «Document», foreign embassies, consular offices and visa application offices) are analyzed. It is emphasized that basic tasks of the State Migration Service concern work with foreigners and stateless persons, who appealed for protection in Ukraine; registration of residence and documentary accompaniment for individuals; issuance of foreign passports of the citizen of Ukraine. The necessity of optimization of their resource provision and popularization of activities is grounded. The authors emphasize that one of the most substantial problems related to organization of the activities of CASs, as essential subjects of the market of migration services, are the absence of minimum acceptable criteria for equipping the facilities, staff imbalance, insufficient content of their web pages and often invalid online registration of citizens. The apper proves that quality and amount of provided services in every center depend on volitional decisions and financial resources of local councils, which have created them. The authors note that regional CASs have the widest spectrum of services and the highest level of service. They render administrative services on non-commercial principles. In the article, the authors revealed the growing dynamics of foreign passports issuance for the period of 2015-ІІІ q. – 2018 showing a distinct shift to the biometric documents since December 2016. The necessity of setting up new visa application offices with wide range of authorities on rendering visa services for the purpose of minimization of services in visa centers is emphasized. Visa center is considered as a non-state intermediary organization, which is an official representative of an embassy responsible for acceptance and processing of documents necessary for obtaining the visa. VFS Global is the operator of visa centers in Ukraine. On the basis of the research, the authors propose the formation of unified information search base for collecting clear, complete and reliable data on providing the full range of migration services.
market of migration services, entities of the market of migration services, State Migration Service, embassies, CASs, institutional environment, migration services
Citations
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Mulska, O. P., & Baranyak, I. Ye. (2019). Prohnostychna model’ formuvannya ukrayino-nimets’koyi mihratsiynoyi systemy [Formation of the forecasting model for Ukrainian-German migration system]. Ekonomika i prohnozuvannya – Economy and forecasting, 2, 120-137. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15407/eip2019.02.120 [in Ukrainian]. {sep2022.02.030.011}
Lykholat, S., Mulska, O., & Rozhko, N. (2020). Labour Market of Ukraine in the Conditions of Intensification of Migration Population Processes. Economics, Entrepreneurship, Management, 7(1), 25-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23939/eem2020.01.025 {sep2022.02.030.018}
Mulska, O., Levytska, O., Panchenko, V., Kohut, M., Vasyltsiv, T. (2020). Causality of external population migration intensity and regional socio-economic development of Ukraine. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 18(3), 426-437. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.18(3).2020.35 {sep2022.02.030.019}
Mulska, O. P., & Ivanyuk, U. V. (2022). Mihratsiyni ryzyky yak determinanty posylennya sotsial’noyi vrazlyvosti naselennya [Migration risks as determinants of increased social vulnerability of the population]. Modern Economics, 34(2022), 68-74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31521/modecon.V34(2022)-10 [in Ukrainian]. {sep2023.03.041.003}
Mulska, O., Vasyltsiv, T., Shushkova, Yu., Kloba, L., & Parfenyuk, Ye. (2022). Assessment of the population’s social resilience environment (the case of the Carpathian region of Ukraine). Problems and Perspectives in Management, 20(1), 407-421. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.20(1).2022.33 {sep2023.03.041.005}
Rushchyshyn, N. M., & Mulska, O. P. (2021). Mekhanizm zabezpechennya sotsial’noyi stabil’nosti v umovakh intensyfikatsiyi mihratsiynykh protsesiv [Mechanism for ensuring social stability in the conditions of intensification of migration processes]. Ekonomika ta suspil’stvo – Economy and Society, 29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32782/2524-0072/2021-29-41 [in Ukrainian]. {sep2023.03.041.006}
УКР
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