UDC 330.341.2:[330.34+316.42]:346.16(477:1-22); JEL E01, O10, O13, Q10, R11 Tsymbalista, N. A. (2017). Current state and problems of development of rural Ukraine: socioeconomic, institutional and legal aspects. Rehional'na ekonomika - Regional Economy, 84(2), 116-123. Sources: 17
Researcher of the Department of development of territorial communities and transborder cooperation of the Dolishniy Institute of Regional Research of NAS of Ukraine
The research reveals a number of modern socio-economic and legal issues facing rural development in Ukraine. The dynamics of changes in the age structure and demographic decline of rural population is analyzed in the regional perspective. The essential aspects of rural employment are studied. It is shown that rural employment is characterized by a significant share of self-employed persons among the people engaged in economic activity. The study ascertains that self-employment in rural areas is mostly concentrated in the informal economy, which does not provide any social insurance. The trends of entrepreneurship development in rural areas are described in the context of prospects to resolve the rural population employment issues.
Keywords:
rural development, demographic crisis, rural employment, rural entrepreneurship development
References
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Tsymbalista, N. A. (2016). Perspectives of rural households’ transformation into family farms in the Western Ukraine. In Sotsial’no-ekonomichni problemy suchasnoho periodu Ukrayiny [Socio-Economic Problems of the Modern Period of Ukraine]: Vol. 120(4) (pp. 97-100). [in Ukrainian].
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Negative tendencies in the social, economical, cultural, demographical and ecological processes make differences between level of life and economic development of rural and urban areas even stronger. It is obvious that under such conditions, development of the areas by using methods and models of the last century is already impossible. Therefore, the approaches implemented by world leaders should be taken into account, because in many countries, cities and corporations the task of the first order is the formation and implementation of innovative strategies for sustainable development as a basic security model in the future. At the initiative of technology corporations the concept of «smart city» has become very popular, first of all because this concept in the current interpretation has combined capabilities of information, modern technology and communication of social capital in the process of achievement of sustainable development goals. Ukraine is also involved in the global trends as in the Strategy for Sustainable Development «Ukraine – 2020» it is stressed that it is necessary to ensure sustainable development of the country, raising living standards, sustainable economic growth in an environmentally sustainable manner. In 2016, a web service «Smart City» was developed; it implements the concept of «Smart City» in terms of IT and provides tools for the process optimization government and combat corruption. An experience of the developed countries shows that implementation of the ideas of «Smart City» helps to improve technology of the energy efficiency, reduce environmental pollution, increase social inclusion and also can give ability for businesses to provide a good return of their investments, and for public to have an attractive and healthy environment for life. Obviously, ability to process information, a modern infrastructure and creative management may be associated with small towns. The basic elements of settlements’ development under the principles of «Smart City» can be the following: creating of the innovation center for searching and selection of the most effective technologies in order to ensure the functioning of the settlement; providing of an open access to the projects of «Smart Cities» in order to attract all residents; creating of a culture of the population behavior according to the new requirements; investing into the staff training and attracting of the qualified professionals from other regions; improving of the quality of life of specific people (the technology of «smart home», security systems) and socially relevant initiatives («smart» technologies in energy, housing); ensuring of the availability of self-government technology for all segments of society. Therefore, for rural settlements of Ukraine a sustainable development approaches, the investments particularly into the social and human capital, a modern information and communication infrastructure, the production technology will provide economic development, an improvement of the quality of life and environmental management.
sustainable development, rural settlements, concept of «Smart City»
Trade in rural areas has extended significantly and now occupies a special place in the social sphere and multifunctional rural economy In Ukraine. However, the nature of its development, the efficiency of functioning and the level of competitiveness do not correspond to perspective transformations in rural areas and global trends in the development of the agrarian sector. Trade in the countryside is developing unsystematically, in a deformed and contradictory way. The key reason for such a situation is the lack of modern fundamental research in this direction and the uncertainty of strategic priorities for its development. The above mentioned objectively gives relevance to the problem of strategic development of rural trade on a scientific basis within the framework of modern concepts, programs and effective trade policy. The purpose of the article is to provide scientific substantiation of strategic priorities of development and functioning of trade in rural areas under the influence of determinant factors. The strategic directions of the development of trade in rural areas in the conditions of rural development intensification are investigated. The essential characteristic of rural trade, the tendencies and the character of its modern development are described. Significant deformations and imbalances in the development and functioning of rural trade, inconsistency of its potential with the requirements and principles of agrarian policy are revealed. The socio-economic and institutional environment of development and functioning of rural trade is analyzed. The active strategic forces, under the influence of which the priorities of development of rural trade are formed, are grounded and determined. The essence, content and character of the main priorities of the perspective development of trade in rural areas are revealed. The conceptual structural model of rural trade is proposed and its main tasks are substantiated. It is proved that the new model of rural trade should become an organic component of the village’s economic system and promote its social, organizational and innovative development.
trade in rural areas, rural areas, retail and wholesale trade, trade infrastructure, resource potential, strategic priorities, conceptual model of trade
Development of a system should be based on the relevant fundamental principles that are the basis of its elements’ interrelation. In the waste management system the principles form the basis for the main reference points in the process of legal environment formation by the system’s greater control section. These principles also determine the requirements for building an effective institutional structure and the outlined policy implementation at all levels of management hierarchy. In addition, the basic principles should underlie the internal believes of each person and form his/her daily behavior, that is they should be understandable and acceptable by every member of the society. In this context, a technical version of the project on the National Strategy for Waste Management offered by the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources makes up a certain scientific interest for us. The review of the formulated guiding principles gives reasons to refine and detail them and expand their list considering the critical importance of the National Strategy for Regional Development and having in view the environmental problems layer that already exist in Ukraine. The article aims to form the principles of waste management system, based on the project proposals and author’s supplements with the appropriate interpretation for intended use. The author emphasizes that comprehensive fundamental and applied research in theoretical and empirical levels should be based on both legislative and executive functions in the waste management and treatment. Therefore, it is unacceptable to neglect the role of science in the system of waste management development. Promoting the ecologically safe technologies of production, implementation of the effective waste management schemes, creating a legal framework for administrative action and providing service for all the participants in social and economic relations –these are the main actions on the principle of ecologization. It is claimed that state institutions play a significant role in forming social responsibility of a manufacturer along with its own environmental awareness. The high cost of environmental effects requires the implementation of the intended measures to prevent them, which requires taking into account the principle of their cause and effect assessment. Strategically important vector of the waste management development is its focus on alternatives for their use based on the implementation of innovative achievements of the scientific and technological progress, harmonization of material and provision parameters – information and financial flows, taking into account the value of each elementary operation (transportation, storage of waste, recycling etc.) and others.
The article reviews the implementation peculiarities of moratorium on alienation of land plots designated for commercial agriculture and the rights to them, as well as the reasons, the backgrounds and the risks of its prolonging in modern terms. The author proves the fact that a real threat of negative social and economic consequences can arise under probable moratorium unlocking accordingly with the decision of the European Court of Human Rights or the Constitutional Court of Ukraine and in case of permanent stagnation of national legislative regulation model of commercial agriculture designated land plots circulation and absence of public consensus towards the entities-land purchasers. The article reveals the essence of methodological and legal contradictions of current Land Code of Ukraine regarding moratorium unlocking solely for entry into force of the law on agricultural land circulation. It is defined that due to systematic imperfection of land relations transformation mechanism in Ukraine and absence of effective complex state policy towards land conservation, the perspective of legal liability for harmful effect on wealth of agricultural land and soil fertility had been eliminated even before the moratotium was imposed. The author proves that the urgency and the legitimacy of the records from the State Land Cadastre on agricultural land plots as the objects of perspective full-fledged market circulation are legally regulated by consequent deadlines, in particular overall survey each 20 years; soil judgment at least once per 7 years; economic assessment and regulatory monetary evaluation of these land plots at least once per 5-7 years. It is determined that in the background of permanent delay of adequate state activities on land conservation, the introduction of free agricultural land plots circulation constitutes a threat to qualitative social and economic changes in Ukraine. The articles reasons the consolidating approach to unlocking of moratorium on land plots alienation based on priority of the state constitutional mission concerning maintenance of high land conservation. The changes to the Land Code of Ukraine were suggested in the context of imposing the restrictions and requirements to full-scale preventive maintenance of priority conservation of agricultural land plots; defining of the terms of citizens’ constitutional rights implementation on precise land plot as an ownership object in the process of investment circulation. The author proves the fact that the right to first purchase of private property land plots, which are under the alienation ban until January 1, 2018, must belong exclusively to the state upon the terms defined thereof. The article suggests considering of state as the only first buyer of land plots and the rights to them that serve as the subject to the moratorium not as a denial of their market circulation, but rather as a state investment instrument, which unlocks moratorium on market circulation.
land plot, agricultural land plots’ circulation, unlocking of moratorium, priority of special land conservation
The system of budget decentralization risks in Ukraine is defined. Major problems of budget decentralization are outlined as following: unbalance of local budgets’ income and expenses due to the lack of sources to cover the liabilities transferred to the local budgets; absence of social standards and criteria on liabilities set and delegated by the state to local self-governing bodies in descriptive and value terms; violation of social justice principle in terms of repayment of privileges approved by Verhovna Rada of Ukraine; initiative on elimination of excise tax on retail trade in excisable goods; unfinished process of territorial communities combining stipulates additional burden in terms of budget system balancing. The ways to improve the mechanisms of budget regulation for maintenance of further accomplishment of budget decentralization reform’s tasks and achievement of its goal are suggested. The major directions are: development of state social standards; maintenance of correspondence between local budgets’ financial resources and the delegated liabilities; assurance of social privileges targeting; improvement of local taxes and fees efficiency; maintenance of inter-budgetary relations efficiency; solution of the issues on debt repayment of State Budget on Privileges and Subsidies; assurance of sectoral decentralization in the health care sphere; maintenance of sectoral decentralization in the educational sphere; provision of budget costs’ efficient management.
budget decentralization, expenses, income, local budgets, local self-governing bodies
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UDC 330.34:[332.122:338.43]:332.025.1:005.216.3; JEL O18, Q01, R11